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17 Figure 1.1.19 The Umbrellas in Medina opens and closes to open up the space as well as offer environmental protection depending on the weather and time of day.

From “Umbrellas in the Mosque of the Prophet’s Courtyard and Surrounding Open Spaces,” Abdullatif Al Fozan Award for Mosque Architecture, accessed December 18, 2019, https://alfozanaward.org/mosques/umbrellas-in-the-mosque-of-the-prophets-courtyard-and-surrounding-open-spaces/.

17 Figure 1.1.20 The Roof of the Rogers Center in Toronto opens and closes to provide outdoor or indoor experiences depending on the exterior conditions.

From Laura Armstrong, “Rogers Centre Roof to Be Opened for Blue Jays Game Tonight,” The Star, accessed December 18, 2019, https://www.thestar.com/sports/bluejays/2016/05/27/rogers-centre-roof-to-be-opened-for-blue-jays-game-tonight.html.

19 Figure 1.1.21 Starscape

Photographed by Author.

19 Figure 1.1.22 Ocean

Photographed by Author.

19 Figure 1.1.23 Cushion

Photographed by Author.

20 Figure 1.1.24 Acadia conference in Michigan

Photographed by Author.

20 Figure 1.1.25 Acadia lecture in Michigan

Photographed by Author.

21 Figure 1.1.26 Acadia 2013 poster

From Sebastian Jordana, “Adaptive Architecture ACADIA 2013,” October 3, 2013, ArchDaily, accessed December 18, 2019, http://www.archdaily.com/434672/adaptive-architecture-acadia-2013/.

23 Figure 1.2.1 Vanishing point, depicted in Della Pittura by Alberti

By Leon Battista Alberti, Della pittura e della statua di Leonbatista Alberti (Milano : Società tipografica de’Classici italiani, 1804), http://archive.org/details/dellapitturaedel00albe.

23 Figure 1.2.2 Perspective pillars on grid, depicted in Della Pittura by Alterbi.

By Alberti, Della pittura e della statua di Leonbatista Alberti.

24 Figure 1.2.3 The calling of the Apostles Peter and Andrew by Duccio, 1308-11

By Duccio di Buoninsegna, The Calling of the Apostles Peter and Andrew, 1308-1311, tempera on panel, 42.7 × 45.5 cm, Samuel H. Kress Collection, National Gallery of Art, accessed December 18, 2019, https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.282.html.

25 Figure 1.2.4 The Last Supper by Leonardo Da Vinci, 1495-96

By Leonardo Da Vinci, from Paris Orlando, “File:Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci.jpg,” November 10, 2019, Wikimedia Commons, accessed December 18, 2019, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Last_Supper_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg.

27 Figure 1.2.5 Photograph of Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève by Bisson Frères

By Bisson Frères, from Neil Levine, “The Template of Photography in Nineteenth-Century Architectural Representation,” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 71, no. 3 (January 2012), https://doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2012.71.3.306.

27 Figure 1.2.6 Perspective view of Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, traced from Bisson Frères’ photograph by Henri Labrouste, engraving by Jacques-Joseph Huguenet

By Henri Labrouste, traced from photograph by Bisson Frères, and engraved by Jacques-Joseph Huguenet, from Levine, “The Template of Photography in Nineteenth-Century Architectural Representation.” 

29 Figure 1.2.7 Archigram Information Tear-off Sheet

From “Archigram: Tear-off Information Sheets,” BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art, accessed December 18, 2019, http://balticplus.uk/archigram-tear-off-information-sheets-c8292/.

30 Figure 1.2.8 Plugin City concept by Peter Cook (Archigram), 1964

By Peter Cook, “Plug-In_City, Max. Pressure Area, Long Section,” 1964, photochemical print overdrawn with ink and gouache, 1159 x 552 mm, Archigram Archives, accessed December 18, 2019, http://archigram.net/portfolio.html.

30 Figure 1.2.9 Walking City Concept by Ron Herron (Archigram), 1964

By Ron Herron, from Rowan Moore, “The World According to Archigram,” November 18, 2018, The Observer, accessed December 18, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/nov/18/archigram-60s-architects-vision-urban-living-the-book.

31 Figure 1.2.10 Instant City concept by Peter Cook (Archigram), 1969

By Peter Cook, from “‘Instant City’ Travelling Exhibition, Now at Collège Maximilien de Sully,” December 19, 2015, BMIAA, accessed December 18, 2019, https://www.bmiaa.com/instant-city-travelling-exhibition-now-at-college-maximilien-de-sully/.

31 Figure 1.2.11 Computer City concept by Dennis Crompton (Archigram), 1964

By Dennis Crompton, “Computer City,”1964, photochemical print mounted on board, 887 x 697 mm, Archigram Archives, accessed December 18, 2019, http://archigram.net/portfolio.html.

33 Figure 1.2.12 2D floorplans, created within Autodesk AutoCAD.

From mtcarrillo, “Creating Basic Floor Plans From an Architectural Drawing in AutoCAD,” Instructables, accessed December 18, 2019, https://www.instructables.com/id/Creating-Basic-Floor-Plans-from-an-Architectural-D/.

33 Figure 1.2.13 A building model rendered within 3D space on a viewport in Autodesk 3DS Max

By Ronen Bekerman, “Making of MS House at Dusk, Part 2,” October 23, 2009, Ronen Bekerman - 3D Architectural Visualization & Rendering Blog, accessed December 18, 2019, https://www.ronenbekerman.com/making-of-ms-house-at-dusk-part-2/.

33 Figure 1.2.14 The same building model rendered out with Vray

By Bekerman, “Making of MS House at Dusk, Part 2.”

35 Figure 1.2.15 People moving through a gallery space within the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in NYC

Photographed by Author

35 Figure 1.2.16 Macy’s Thanksgiving Day parade, NYC

Photographed by Author

35 Figure 1.2.17 People moving through a gallery space within the MOMA in NYC

Photographed by Author

36 Figure 1.2.18 The Horse in Motion cabinet cards by Eadweard Muybridge, 1878

By Eadweard Muybridge, from Neil Patrick, “FIlmed in 1878, ‘The Galloping Horse’ Is the First Motion Picture Ever Made,” June 27, 2016, The Vintage News (blog), accessed December 18, 2019, https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/06/27/46591-2/.

36 Figure 1.2.19 Animation made from Eadweard Muybridge’s cards

From silentfilmhouse, “Race Horse First Film Ever 1878 Eadweard Muybridge,” YouTube, 0:15, accessed December 18, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEqccPhsqgA.

37 Figure 1.2.20 Lord of the rings Return of the King, 2003

From Film Radar, trimmed by Author, “Special Effects in The Lord of the Rings: The Essence of Movie Magic,” YouTube, 12:08, accessed December 18, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6M8Yem5j0s&vl=en.

37 Figure 1.2.21 Royal Ontario Museum architectural walk-through, 2003

Obtained from supervisor, created by B+H Architects.

38 Figure 1.2.22 The 3rd and the Seventh by Alex Roman, 2009

By Alex Roman, trimmed by Author, “The Third & The Seventh,” uploaded November 24, 2009, Vimeo, 12:29, accessed December 18, 2019, https://vimeo.com/7809605.

39 Figure 1.2.23 Architecture Walk-through by Framemakers Creative SB, 2015

From Framemakers Creative SB, trimmed by Author, “Star Residences 3D Animation Walkthrough Video,” YouTube, 3:05, accessed December 18, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qU2xhZlsJE.

39 Figure 1.2.24 Architecture Walk-through by Momo Graphics, 2016

By Momo Graphics, from Kenny Khoo, trimmed by Author, “3d Architecture Walkthrough Flythrough Animation Service Singapore Building Interior Exterior,” YouTube, 2:09, accessed December 18, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fC1OtZ4kAJs&t=1s&pbjreload=10.

41 Figure 1.2.25 Revit Perspective Viewport

Sample Architecture Project from Revit, screen-captured by Author.

41 Figure 1.2.26 Security footage showing various frame rates

From daksec1, trimmed by Author, “IP Video Frame Rate Demo,” YouTube, 0:50, accessed December 18, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRaDV8YADiQ.

43 Figure 1.2.27 Typical breakdown of architectural fees

By Jorge Fontan, “Architectural Fees,” February 7, 2018, Fontan Architecture, accessed December 18, 2019, https://jorgefontan.com/architectural-fees/.

43 Figure 1.2.28 Typical time-line of architectural design phases

By HMH Modern Architecture, from “Architectural Phases,” Ibello Architect, accessed December 18, 2019, https://www.ibelloarchitects.com/architectural-phases/.

46 Figure 1.3.1 Pac-Man, Namco, 1980

From “Original Pac-Man” APKPure, accessed December 19, 2019, https://apkpure.com/original-pac-man/com.classicretrogames.pacman.

46 Figure 1.3.2 Catacomb Abyss, Softdisk, 1992

From “The Catacomb Abyss Review,” October 30, 2018, GameFAQs, accessed December 19, 2019, https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/pc/954269-the-catacomb-abyss/reviews/167153.

47 Figure 1.3.3 Hand Drafted South Elevation of Denver Library by Michael Graves, 1994

By Michael Graves, Denver Library, South Elevation, 1994, pencil and colored pencil on yellow tracing paper, 14 x 26 inches, from Rory Stott, “Gallery of In Honor of Michael Graves, The Architectural League Revisits 200 Years of Drawing,” November 21, 2014, ArchDaily, accessed December 19, 2019, https://www.archdaily.com/570439/in-honor-of-michael-graves-the-architectural-league-revisits-200-years-of-drawing/546fa61be58ece2295000037-denver-library-sout.

47 Figure 1.3.4 Creating 3D building walls from a 2D Building plan in virtual space

From “How to Create a 3D Architecture Floor Plan Rendering,” TonyTextures, accessed December 19, 2019, https://www.tonytextures.com/how-to-create-a-3d-architecture-floor-plan-rendering/.

48 Figure 1.3.5 The Division, Massive Entertainment, 2016

From “Tom Clancy’s The Division (Preowned),” EB Games, accessed December 19, 2019, https://www.ebgames.co.nz/product/ps4/165235-tom-clancys-the-division-preowned.